Emotions as a research problem in Russian and foreign psychology
Devyashin Daniil Yurievich, Belgorod National Research University, psychology student, Belgorod, Russia
Devyashin D.Y. dandevyashin@gmail.com
Annotation: The article is devoted to the study of the topic of emotions. The emotional sphere of a person plays a huge role in his life. With the help of existing emotions, a person overcomes the difficulties encountered on his way. They help people adapt to different life situations. The paper analyzes the main theories of domestic and foreign researchers, studies the classification options and types of emotions proposed by some of the most recognized scientists in the research of the emotional sphere. In addition, the so-called "basic emotions" based on external signs are considered and allocated for recognition.
Keywords: emotions, functions of emotions, emotional state, feelings, personality
The relevance of the topic of emotions lies in the fact that it has been studied for a long time, but gradually interest to this problem has disappeared due to a number of failures in the field of research. Various scientists have put forward hypotheses about the origin of emotions, but there was no single point of view. Such social significant object as emotions must be studied, since it is they that form the basis of the human spiritual world. If modern science continues to study emotions, then it will be possible to prevent many diseases, because its health depends on the emotional state of a person.
Emotion is a mental process that reflects a subjective evaluative attitude towards situations and the objective world. Emotions help to navigate what is happening, evaluating it from the standpoint of desirability or undesirability, under their influence a person can do the impossible, as there is an instant mobilization of all the forces of the body [5]. Human life is inextricably linked with emotions. We often come across people who experience anger, sadness, fear, contempt or, on the contrary, joy, surprise, interest. All these states are called emotions. They are important in every sphere of human social life.
The theme of the origin of emotions was studied by many russian and foreign scientists, among them: P. V. Simonov - information theory of emotions, P. K. Anokhin - biological theory of emotions, S. L. Rubinstein - "Psychology and emotions", A. N. Leontiev - the emergence of emotions, Charles Darwin - "Expression of emotions", W. Wundt, W. James, K. Lange, W. Kennon, P. Bard, W. Leaper, D. Hebb, Plutchik, Izard and others.
Pavel Vasilievich Simonov offered his own understanding of emotions. He was inclined to believe that the needs that cause emotions in a person are not the only reason for their appearance. Simonov said that the influence of several factors at once leads to the emergence of emotion and determines the strength of its expression. It was this statement of the scientist that contributed to the emergence of the information theory of emotions.
The biological theory of emotions by Peter Kuzmich Anokhin. This theory is close to Darwin's theory, since Anokhin in his work believes that emotions are innate. In his opinion, man received them in the course of evolution as a defense mechanism. They help the normal functioning of the body, warn it against a large or small number of vital factors. In addition, emotions help a person to adapt to their environment.
Sergei Leonidovich Rubinstein points out that emotions are polar [2]. This means that a positive emotion has its own negative emotion (joy - sadness, anger - calmness, etc.). The kind of emotion which is manifested in a person depends on attitudes, needs and attitudes towards the type of activity that he is forced to perform. Thus, observing a person in the process of activity, by emotions we can determine his attitude to the actions performed.
Wilhelm Wundt, exploring emotions, put forward a three-dimensional theory, which he characterized by three dimensions: pleasure ˗ displeasure, arousal - tranquility, tension - relaxation. He said that a person's emotional experiences can take place in one, two or three dimensions [1].
The thalamic theory of Kennon and Bard believes that emotions and impulses for the activation of autonomic functions arise in the thalamus. According to them, there is an effect of the stimulus on the receptor. The resulting impulse enters the cerebral cortex, which is a stimulus for the thalamus [4]. He definitely distributes the impulse to a certain area of the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for the manifestation of a particular emotion.
One of the most popular, well-known and widespread classification is the classification which proposed by the American psychologist Paul Ekman. Its structuring is based on the innateness of 7 basic emotions of humans. Among them there are joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt and fear.
The emotions and physiological changes caused by them help people in communication and contact with each other. For the most part, by the facial expressions of another person, we can guess what kind of emotions he is experiencing at the moment. Namely such cases that emotional experiences act as an internal language [3]. This function is called communicative, since it is the basis in human relationships.
The next function of emotions is evaluative. She helps us to make the first impression of a person, that is, to evaluate him from a positive or negative side. The emotions of evaluation arise in a person instantly and accompany him throughout the entire contact with the interlocutor.
The simplest emotional function is the launcher. Any emotion triggers an action. If a person is angry, he will swear and get angry, if a person is happy, he will behave kindly.
"Emergency exit” is a function of regressive reaction to events. After an outburst of emotions, the person has a sense of resolving the problem. However, in reality, this feeling is often false.
Anticipatory function of emotions. Anticipatory emotions are capable of predicting imperfect events. They are expressed through the experience of a sense of guesswork or the emergence of an idea.
The function of mobilization is manifested in human physiology and is accompanied by the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream.
After conducting a brief analysis of the hypotheses on the theory of emotions, we were able to understand what exactly different scientists meant by them. Variants of classifications and types of emotions proposed by some of the most recognized scientists in the study of the emotional sphere were studied, the functions of emotions were determined and their significance in human life was indicated.
Thus the study of emotions is a very important topic. Our mental health directly depends on how well we will have an idea of emotions, their meaning and functions, and how to manage our emotions.
LITERATURE:
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2. Leontiev, A.N. Lectures on general psychology / A.N. Leontiev. - M .: Meaning Year, 2001 .-- 517s.
3. Nemov, R.S. Book. 1. General foundations of psychology / R.S. Nemov. - M .: Humanities. Ed. Center VLADOS, 2004. - 687s.
4. Simonov, P.V. What is emotion? / P.V. Simonov. - M .: Academy, 1966. - 87s.
5. Stolyarenko, L. D. Psychology: Textbook for universities / L.D. Stolyarenko. - SPb .: Leader, 2004 .-- 592s.
