ТОЛКОВЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ ЖИВОГО ВЕЛИКОРУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА» КАК ЦЕННОЕ СПРАВОЧНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
EXPLANATORY DICTIONARY OF THE LIVING GREAT RUSSIAN LANGUAGE» AS A VALUABLE REFERENCE GUIDE
Адонина Александра Александровна
Студент 3 курса
Факультет дошкольного, начального и специального образования
Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет
г. Белгород
e-mail: asya.adonina@mail.ru
Adonina Aleksandra Aleksandrovna
Student 3 term
Faculty of faculty of preschool, primary and special education
Belgorod State National Research University
Belgorod
e-mail: asya.adonina@mail.ru
Аннотация
В статье рассматривается роль словаря В.И. Даля. Также затронута тема заимствований и отношение В.И. Даля к этому процессу. «Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка» отражает народную языковую стихию, собрав воедино, с одной стороны, ценности русской культуры, которые отразились в народном творчестве; а с другой стороны, этот памятник словесности общенационального масштаба до сих пор является уникальным явлением как русской, так и мировой лексикографи.
Annotation
The article considers the role of the dictionary of V. I. Dahl, which consists in enriching the Russian language with a whole layer of new vocabulary. The topic of borrowing and V. I. Dahl‘s attitude to this process are also touched upon. «Explanatory Dictionary of the living Great Russian language» reflects the folk language element, bringing together, on the one hand, the values of Russian culture, which are reflected in various folk works; and, on the other hand, this monument of literature on a national scale, which is still a unique phenomenon of both Russian and world lexicography.
Ключевые слова: слово, толковый словарь, русский язык, В.И. Даль, справочник..
Key words: word, explanatory dictionary, Russian language, V. I. Dahl, guide.
In the modern world, daily replenishment of knowledge is becoming necessary, contributing to an increase in the level of personal culture, including the culture of language, speech and communication. Dictionaries play an exceptional role in solving this difficult task. "The dictionary as a unique object of scientific work of a linguist," notes V.A. Kozyrev, "occupies a special place in the formation of a cultural member of society. Today, the role of dictionaries in the spiritual life of the people, in understanding their cultural heritage is becoming more and more realized." Celebrated in 2021, the anniversary of V.I. Dalia convinces us how important his "Explanatory Dictionary of the living Great Russian language" is today, because it is not just a monument to the "Russian word", but also a representation of the linguistic picture of the world. "V.I. Dahl's dictionary," V. Berezin notes, "creates an ideal way of reading - constant (and endless) re-reading during the whole life - the life of both a person and a book. It's a companion book, an evenly readable book, an ideal book, if you will." In his great lexicographical work, Vladimir Ivanovich comprehended in quantitative and qualitative terms a whole layer of the cultural vocabulary of the Russian language, tried to define a list and include in it those words that, in his opinion, most clearly reflect the cultural concepts of "his" and "someone else's" culture, and tirelessly throughout his life "a man of words", not just words, but words with a national-cultural, cultural-historical, ethnolinguistic and other specific component. That is why the dictionary of V.I. Dahl can be attributed to dictionaries of the linguoculturological type. Russian Dictionary was the first to reflect the folk, primarily peasant, linguistic element through the prism of dialect vocabulary, turned to folklore studies, enriched the idea of the Russian language picture of the world, bringing together, on the one hand, the values of folk culture, which were reflected in riddles, fairy tales, omens, beliefs, proverbs, sayings, customs, in folk mythology; and, on the other hand, this monument of literature on a national scale remained a unique phenomenon of both Russian and world lexicography. The first feature of the dictionary is that it is based on the folk language. Considering related words in one article, we find an interesting representation of polysemous words. When describing many realities (objects), V.I. Dahl acts as a subtle connoisseur of folk life. So, from the dictionary we learn more than a dozen names for the word pen - for what they take, hold, lift a thing: the ax handle - at the axe, the shackle, the handle - at the bucket, the handle, the block - at the chisel, the knife, the broom - at the broom, the hammer - at the hammer, the kosovishche - at the scythe, the shaft - at the banner, the pikes‘. A striking feature of the representation of words is that in some cases V.I. Dahl does not interpret the word, does not explain its meaning, but selects a number of synonyms (national and dialect) for this word or resorts to an encyclopedic description of the thing. For example, the word "bag is a fur, a bag, a purse." Synonyms have been chosen for the word tight without explaining its meaning: strong, stubborn, resistant, firmly elastic, unyielding. According to the author, synonyms are the source of the interpretation of words. The second feature of the dictionary is connected with the attitude of V.I. Dahl to the words "foreign". Explanatory dictionary V.I. Dalia includes a fairly large number of foreign words. But if a foreign word has a Russian version, then there is no need, according to the author of the dictionary, to use it. Nevertheless, most foreign words have become firmly embedded in the lexical composition of the Russian language. Russian Russian word In a number of cases, V.I. Dahl offered freedom of choice, for example: borrowed atmosphere - or Russian kolozemitsa. The author often suggested etymological marks for foreign words: autograph, administration, motorcade, flight, etc. At the same time, the author of the dictionary was categorically against the pronunciation of borrowed words not mastered by the Russian language. These, for example, included the word instinct, which can only be pronounced with a Western pronunciation. And the Russian language, characterized by sluggish speech movements, is quite difficult to learn, Vladimir Ivanovich believed. Many years have passed since these words were said. And now we are convinced how right V.I. Dahl was in this reasoning. Now the issue of mastering foreign words with sound combinations alien to the Russian language is acute; so it appears in the speech of Russians to compromise instead of compromise, incident instead of incident, coordinate instead of cardinally, etc. The meanings of words are confused: corruption and commerce, marketing and management, etc. The characteristic features of the American version of English penetrate into all levels of the language, but this is most actively reflected in vocabulary and orthoepy; an overabundance of foreign terminology in the scientific literature; countless English words: names, names of companies, groups, written and pronounced in English – we hear all this on radio and television, in the speech of young people, read on city signs, in books, periodicals. We have focused only on some examples that allow us to talk about the linguoculturological component of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the living Great Russian language" by V.I. Dahl. Also, the proof of this component is the fact that about 30 thousand proverbs are placed in the dictionary. Consequently, this dictionary goes beyond the limits of the philological dictionary, since it explains the subjects that characterize Russian folk life, and beliefs, and signs related to agriculture, as well as gives a lot of other ethnographic information. Thus, until now, the dictionary of V.I. Dahl remains unsurpassed in Russian lexicography in terms of the volume of the material presented. For centuries, it has been not only a valuable reference manual, but also has a huge educational and educational value. The expression: "the room of an educated person is a table, a chair and a V.I. Dal", which appeared shortly after the publication of this invaluable work, has not lost its relevance.
References and sources
1. Berezin V. The role of dictionaries and encyclopedias in structuring the world // History of the encyclopedia. - M.: "Mir", 2009. - pp. 107- 112.
2. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In 4 tt. Vol.3. - Moscow: Rus. yaz. - Media, 2013.
3. Kozyrev V.A., Chernyak V.D. Modern language situation and speech culture.
