The role of Lomonosov in the formation of the Russian language.
Shatilova E.V
3rd year student of the faculty of psychology
Belgorod State National Research University,
Belgorod
Scientific supervisor
Alexander V. Markov
Senior lecture
Foreign languages department
Abstract:the article examines the role of Lomonosov in the formation of the Russian language and the study of grammar, versification. Development of the basics of rhetoric and stylistics.
Keywords:Russian language, heavy syntax, science,foreign language terms
Lomonosov's great historical merit was the transformation of the Russian language. Lomonosov was the first to study the Russian language in all its diversity scientifically. He studied grammar and versification, developed the basics of rhetoric and stylistics, and laid the foundations of Russian scientific terminology for a variety of sciences, from chemistry and physics to mining and navigation. Peter's reforms introduced many new concepts into Russian life and flooded the language with barbarisms (foreign words), which representatives of the ruling classes indiscriminately filled their speech with.
The ponderous syntax following foreign forms of speech, in which poorly learned, clumsy and clumsy foreign words were
wonderfully combined with dilapidated Church Slavonic utterances, the diversity and discrepancy in spelling, the absence of any firm rules of grammar - all this became a serious obstacle to the further development of Russian culture and required decisive and urgent ordering. Russian Russian poet Lomonosov had a truly gigantic job, which made him the true creator of the Russian poetic language and the language of Russian science.
Lomonosov rendered an invaluable service to Russian science by laying the right foundations for the construction and development of scientific and technical terminology.
To do this, he had to overcome almost incalculable difficulties and obstacles. "I was forced," Lomonosov writes in the preface to his translation of the Wolfian Experimental Physics, "to look for words to name some physical instruments, actions and natural things, which, although at first seem somewhat strange, but I hope that they will eventually become more familiar through the use."
The main requirement that Lomonosov put forward at the same time and which he himself was steadily guided by was to proceed from the properties and characteristics of the Russian language and, above all, to look for the necessary means in it itself to express new concepts and terms created by science. Lomonosov was convinced that the Russian language is so rich and flexible that it is always possible to find the right and exact words to denote any concepts and we have nothing to turn to foreigners for this. "The subtlest philosophical imaginations and reasonings," Lomonosov wrote, "the diverse natural properties and changes that occur in this visible structure of the world and in human conversions, have decent and expressive speeches with us. And if we cannot accurately portray something, we must not write to our language, but to our dissatisfied
one. Who goes deeper into it from hour to hour... he will see an immeasurably wide field or, better to say, a sea that barely has limits."
Lomonosov, with great tact and a subtle sense of the Russian language, skillfully found among the simplest and most ordinary words those that turned out to be quite suitable for expressing scientific concepts. Words such as experience, movement, observation, phenomenon, particles, easily and freely entered the scientific language with the help of Lomonosov. Lomonosov fixed Russian designations for a variety of objects and concepts and introduced them into general use: the Earth's axis, refraction of rays, laws of motion, equilibrium of bodies, incendiary glass, magnetic needle, quicklime, acid, etc.
Already translated from Latin into Russian by "Experimental Physics" X.Wolf has over a hundred new terms (spherical, calorific matter, incendiary glass), as Lomonosov himself wrote in the preface, etc. This translation presented considerable difficulty, since a number of scientific concepts did not yet have a corresponding expression in the Russian language. Considering that "the contentment of the Russian word... and with his own wealth is great," Lomonosov tried to replace foreign-language terms with the most accurate Russian analogues (Latin tubus opticus - Rus. visual roughness), up to the terminalization of dialect forms (lud is a pitfall). But the mandatory translation of special terms into Russian was not an end in itself for Lomonosov. Words and combinations remained without translation, to which it was impossible to find an equivalent Russian word, as well as terms that had already become widespread in many languages of the world by that time. In addition, Lomonosov actively opposed absurd illogical terms such as cold heat, dark light.
When introducing a new term, it was important to give it a clear, semantically rigorous explanation, so the role of context increased immeasurably. At the same time, Lomonosov used the principle of gradual terminologization, consistently revealing in the context the meaning of a word that has not yet become
a term. Having stopped at some word or phrase, Lomonosov constantly used it in all scientific works, striving for the fixedness, unambiguity of terminological units (the use of the word burden, chosen by him from the variants of burden, heaviness, heaviness, heaviness found in the works of his predecessors). His desire for verbal brevity was also expressed in the choice of options: one-word terms prevail, less often two-word ones.
It is important to emphasize that Lomonosov identified the most productive word-formation schemes for terminology:
1. By suffixation (burden);
2. By combining words (incendiary glass, telescope, refracted beam).
Lomonosov, when developing terminology, adhered to the following precisely expressed scientific provisions:
a) foreign scientific words and terms should be translated into Russian;
b) leave untranslated words only if it is impossible to find a completely equivalent Russian word or when a foreign word has become widespread;
c) in this case, give the foreign word the form most akin to the Russian language.
According to these rules, M. V. Lomonosov compiled scientific terms, the vast majority of which still continue to serve accurate knowledge.
He constantly argued that there is no need for us to use foreign words incomprehensible to the people, when for this purpose it is already possible or easily possible to create Russians who are not inferior to them in anything. And, for example, instead of "antlia pneumatic", the name "air pump" will be quite appropriate. Russian Russian, fighting for the purity of the scientific language, Lomonosov either directly translated a foreign term into Russian, or simply
he restored the layering and designations in his rights, which were displaced by ignorant and unwilling foreigners to know the Russian language. So, he again introduced into the Russian technical language such words as the drawing instead of the grafted one was "outline", the mine together "bergwerk", the roof instead of "duck", the jamb instead of "pilar", the pendulum instead of "perpendicular", etc. Lomonosov opposed the living and creative element of the Russian folk language to this senseless clogging of the scientific and technical language in order to please foreigners.
Creating Russian scientific terminology, Lomonosov shows great courage, resourcefulness and inexhaustible ingenuity. Some of the designations proposed by him, although not grafted on or were displaced by others, still indicate the intensity of his search, a great creative process. "Distinguished", "thinned", "thinned air" — Lomonosov is looking for a Russian word for the concept that we now call — "rarefied air", "circumferential flow of blood" (circulation,), "airless place" (vacuum), "dense light" (intense), "controlling force magnet", "swaying motion" (wave), "rotifer motion" (rotational), "pointed figure" (cone-shaped) and much more. In those cases when foreign words have become firmly established in scientific usage or it seemed necessary to introduce them for some reason, Lomonosov tried to give them the simplest and most characteristic form of the Russian language.
Even less, of course, than in the scientific language, Lomonosov allowed the abuse of foreign words in everyday life and literature. He was outraged to the depths of his soul by the noble parrots, who had learned to chatter in French with a sin in half and flaunted foreign words to the place and out of place. Lomonosov warned that unnecessarily adopted foreign words pose a danger to the healthy development of national culture, that they imperceptibly, like chaff, clog the Russian language, "creep insensitively into us, distort
their own beauty of our language, they subject it to constant change and bend it to decline." Therefore, he insistently calls for taking care of the purity of the Russian language and rebuffing anyone who introduces "these obscenities" into it.
Russian Russian literary language in general and the language of Russian science in particular, Lomonosov's role in the formation of the Russian literary language in particular was extremely significant, but it was not in all cases the role of the discoverer. Lomonosov's active scientific activity, which began in the late 30s - early 40s of the XVIII century, was preceded by more than 15 years of activity of the Russian Academy, which published a number of works in Russian on mathematics, physics, history, astronomy. Lomonosov's merit is that he did not discard the experience he had already accumulated indiscriminately with his characteristic tact, but began to polish the language material, resolutely eliminating the alluvial and outdated and reinforcing with all the strength of his scientific and literary authority the new norms of language use that had begun to take shape even before him.
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