Table of contents:
Introduction…………………………………………………………………3
Chapter I The concept of scientific method…………..….…………..4
Chapter IIFeatures and characteristics of the scientific method …….4
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………..6
References ………………………………………………………………......7
Introduction
Humanity has long been interested in the issues of knowledge. This topic is relevant in our time in connection with the development of society. In this work, we will consider the scientific method of cognition, consider its methods of research, and define the elements of scientific cognition. In addition, we will explore the specific features of this method. This is the goal of our work. The objectives of this work can be formulated as follows:
1) consider the concept of "scientific method";
2) define his research methods;
3) consider the elements of scientific knowledge;
4) identify the unique features inherent in the method of scientific knowledge
The structure of the work includes Introduction, Chapter I, Chapter II, Conclusion, References.
Chapter I The concept of scientific method
First, we will look at the concept of "scientific method". The scientific method is a system of categories, values, regulatory principles, methods of substantiation, patterns, etc., by which the scientific community is guided in its activities.
The research methods for this method are varied. They include:
1) systematization;
2) adjustment of new knowledge;
3) adjustment of the previously acquired knowledge;
Inferences and conclusions are drawn using rules and principles of reasoning based on empirical (observable and measurable) data about an object.
The knowledge base is experiment and observation. To explain the observed facts, hypotheses are put forward and theories are built, on the basis of which, in turn, a model of the studied object is built [2, p.13].
An important aspect of the scientific method, its integral part for any science, is the requirement of objectivity, excluding the subjective interpretation of the results. Any statements should not be taken for granted, even if they come from reputable scholars [1, p.65]. To ensure an independent verification, the observations are documented, and all the initial data, methods and research results are available to other scientists. This allows not only to obtain additional confirmation by reproducing experiments, but also to critically assess the degree of adequacy (validity) of experiments and results in relation to the theory being tested [3, p.167].
Chapter II Features and characteristics of the scientific method
At this stage, we describe the elements of the scientific method:
1) theory; 2) hypotheses; 3) scientific laws; 4) scientific modeling; 5) experiments; 6) scientific research; 7) observations; 8) measurements[4, p.259].
We will describe in more detail each of these elements.
Theory is a system of knowledge that has predictive power in relation to any phenomenon. Theories are formulated, developed and tested according to the scientific method.
Ahypothesis is an unproven statement, assumption, or guess. As a rule, a hypothesis is expressed on the basis of a number of observations (examples) confirming it and therefore looks plausible. The hypothesis is subsequently either proved, turning it into an established fact, or refuted (for example, by indicating a counterexample), turning it into the category of false statements. An unproven and unrebutted hypothesis is called an open problem [5, p.143].
Ascientific law is a verbal and / or mathematically formulated statement that describes the relationships, connections between various scientific concepts, proposed as an explanation of the facts and recognized at this stage by the scientific community as consistent with experimental data. An unverified scientific statement is called a hypothesis [6, p.162].
Scientific modeling is the study of an object by means of models with the transfer of the knowledge gained to the original.
Anexperiment in scientific method is a set of actions and observations performed to test (true or false) a hypothesis or to scientifically investigate causal relationships between phenomena [7, p.24].
Scientific research is the process of studying the results of observations, experiments, conceptualizing and testing a theory, associated with the acquisition of scientific knowledge.
Observationis a purposeful process of perceiving objects of reality, the results of which are recorded in the description. Multiple observation is necessary to obtain meaningful results [10, p.59].
Measurement is the determination of the quantitative values of the properties of an object using special technical devices and units of measurement [8, p.241].
At this stage, we will consider the main features inherent in the method of scientific knowledge:
1) universality (the subject of scientific knowledge is something that is inherent in all elements, objects, processes, objects); 2) necessity (scientific knowledge characterizes not random, arbitrary shades and details of the objects under study, but fixes their deepest, essential, system-forming, i.e. necessary sides); 3) consistency (scientific knowledge is organized in the form of structure, that is, systematized); 4) verifiability (it is possible to check any fact, phenomenon, object) [9, p.5].
Conclusion
In this work, we examined the concept of a scientific method, found out its features, disassembled the elements of scientific knowledge and determined the research methods inherent in this method.
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