THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGGRESSIVNESS AND TEMPERAMENT AMONG STUDENTS

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGGRESSIVNESS AND TEMPERAMENT AMONG STUDENTS

Alyona A. Titova

3^rd year student of the faculty of psychology

Belgorod State National Research University,

Belgorod

Scientific supervisor

Alexander V. Markov

Senior lecture

Foreign languages department

Annotation:the article deals with the problem of the connection between aggressiveness and temperament among students. The first, theoretical, part of the article presents aspects of the problem of the phenomenon of aggressiveness: the concept, causes, forms and types of manifestation. Also, theoretical positions on the study of temperament are indicated: the concept of temperament, the definition of types and properties of temperament in the theories of G. Eysenck and V. M. Rusalov.

The second part of the article presents the results of an empirical study on the relationship between aggressiveness and temperament among students.

Keywords:temperament, aggressiveness, students, correlation.

The topic of aggressiveness remains relevant and is actively studied in foreign and domestic science. There are still many unexplored nuances and unsolved questions in this area.

In the work of V. G. Bazhenov, it is stated that «aggressiveness is a character trait of a person whose behavior is characterized by the desire to cause trouble, harm other people» [1].

A huge contribution to the study of aggressiveness was made by Z. Freud [7], E. Fromm [8] and A. Bandura [2]. Scientists were looking for the causes and manifestations of aggressiveness in humans. Freud called aggressiveness an integral part of human nature, which is inherent in all people without exception [7]. According to Fromm, aggressiveness is a reaction to blocking human efforts [8]. And the more these efforts are blocked, the stronger will be the manifestation of aggressiveness. A. Bandura defined aggressiveness as an observable behavior and mode of action learned in the process of socialization [2]. He found that aggressive behavior develops in children who are in a learning environment based on examples of adult aggressive behavior. It was revealed that aggression breeds aggression. For example, the more often parents show aggression towards each other, the higher the likelihood that this aggression is transferred to the child.

Of course, the manifestation of aggressiveness is not limited to family relationships. Some researchers suggest that the increase in aggressive actions is a consequence of the increase in the number of people who believe that they have the right to take revenge on those who, in their opinion, act unfairly. It is believed that the catalyst for aggressiveness is an overabundance of violence that people see on computer and TV screens, as well as in the print media. Also, a common and confirmed opinion is information about the manifestation of aggressiveness in people with nervous and mental disorders.

Aggression is expressed in various types and forms. The understanding of «positive» and «negative» aggressiveness is widespread. E. P. Ilyin was one of the first to try to consider «negative» and «positive» aggressiveness from a unified standpoint [5]. Speaking of «negative» aggressiveness, they mean violence and causing moral and physical harm to another person. Under the «positive» aggressiveness is understood the manifestation of the will and upholding of one's dignity.

One of the most important aspects of the study of aggressiveness is its relationship with various factors, including psychophysiological ones. One of these factors is temperament.

According to B. G. Meshcheryakov and V. D. Zinchenko, temperament is «a natural correlation of stable individual personality traits that characterize various aspects of the dynamics of mental activity and behavior» [3].

Temperament has become the subject of study of many psychological schools.

Based on the concept of the properties of the nervous system, V. M. Rusalov proposed his own interpretation of the properties of temperament [6]. He singled out 4 components of temperament: ergicity (endurance), plasticity, speed and emotionality (sensitivity). The indicated properties were considered separately on the basis of human interaction with the world of objects and the social world. Rusalov argued that the specificity of the context affects the formation of various formal-dynamic qualities.

Another approach - neurophysiological - to the definition of temperament and its properties was formed in the work of H. Eysenck. The first scale is introversion-extroversion. Extroverted individuals are open to the world, focused on interacting with others, they are characterized by increased motor and speech activity. Introverts, on the contrary, focus on their inner world, keep aloof from external events, are closed and prone to reflection.

The second scale is emotional stability-instability. Emotional stability is understood as the relative stability of mood and self-confidence. And instability determines frequent and abrupt mood swings, irritability, etc.

Based on two scales (extroversion-introversion, emotional stability-instability), Eysenck identified 4 types of temperament.

Sanguine - extroverted personality type; stable, socially active person.

Choleric is also an extrovert, an unstable person (touchy, unrestrained), but at the same time quite active and optimistic; mood as well as performance are cyclical, and therefore unstable.

Phlegmatic - introvert, stable personality; these people are slow, passive, cautious.

The melancholic is an introverted, unstable, anxious and pessimistic person who is reserved on the outside but sensitive and emotional on the inside. Melancholic, as a rule, are educated, well-read, prone to reflection.

Attempts to study the connection between temperament and aggressiveness have been repeatedly made in science. Researchers sought to study the categories described above from different angles: aggressiveness was considered from the standpoint of the strength and frequency of its manifestation, the forms in which it manifests itself in human behavior; temperament was studied from the position of its constituent properties, using the approaches of different scientific psychological schools. Also, for a deeper study, physiological methods were used. This indirectly confirms the need for further research into the relationship between the two categories, which is what our study is aimed at.

The hypothesis of our study is that there is a connection between the aggressiveness of a personality and its temperament, namely: students with a choleric temperament are characterized by a high level of aggressiveness; phlegmatic students are characterized by a low level of aggressive reactions; students with sanguine and melancholic types of temperament have an average level of aggressiveness.

In our study, we used the following psychodiagnostic methods: the Bass-Darkey aggression state questionnaire, the questionnaire of formal dynamic properties of individuality (V. M. Rusalov) and the personality questionnaire of G. Eysenck.

An empirical study was carried out on the basis of the Faculty of Psychology of the Pedagogical Institute "NRU "BelSU". The study involved 30 3rd year students aged 19-20 years.

As a result, it was found that:

Most students have an average level of aggressiveness.

Fig. 1. Distribution of students by the level of aggressiveness (%).

2) Students with a temperament of the «melancholic» type prevail in the student group, followed by «choleric» and «phlegmatic». Least of all in the group of students with the type of temperament «sanguine».

Fig. 2. Distribution of students according to a certain type

temperament (%).

3) It was revealed that students with different types of temperament showed different levels of aggressiveness: phlegmatic people showed a low level, melancholic and sanguine people showed a medium level, and students with a choleric temperament showed a high level of aggressiveness.

Table 1. Analysis of the relationship between aggressiveness and the type of temperament among students (Ch. Spearman's criterion).

On the basis of the data obtained, a program for correcting aggressiveness in students with choleric temperament was developed. The purpose of this program is to update students' knowledge about constructive forms of aggression management and teach them the necessary skills to build harmonious relationships in society. As a result of participation in the correctional development program, students will master the skills of regulating their emotional state and applying alternative ways of behavior in situations associated with increased emotional stress.

Thus, according to the results of the study, it was revealed that persons with a high level of extraversion and emotional instability will demonstrate a high level of aggressiveness. Representatives of the phlegmatic temperament (low level of extraversion and high level of emotional stability) have a low level of aggressiveness. In sanguine and melancholic people, the scores on the scales are multidirectional, which may indicate a slightly reduced (average) level of aggression compared to choleric people. The hypothesis is confirmed.

REFERENCES

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2. Bandura, A. Social learning theory. St. Petersburg: Eurasia Publishing House, 2000. 318 p.

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